On a Winged Horse and a Prayer,
SeaWiFS Launches ...
This article has been commissioned by the IOCCG
and has appeared in the backscatter
magazine, published by the Alliance
of Marine Remote Sensing (AMRS)
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James A. Yoder
Graduate School of Oceanography
University of Rhode Island
Narragansett, RI 02882
E-mail: jyoder@hq.nasa.gov
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The airman driving our van down the tarmac at Vandenburg Air Force Base in central California pointed out Orbital Sciences Corporation's (OSC) L-1011 airplane just ahead but barely visible through the morning mist. This plane was OSC's unique launch platform for the Pegasus XL rocket, and today, August 1, 1997, was finally launch day for SeaWiFS (Sea Wide Field Sensor), the sole sensor on the SeaStar satellite (now called OrbView-2). It was only 7 a.m., but as our van approached, I could see at least a dozen OSC technicians working around the plane, paying particular attention to the Pegasus XL rocket slung beneath the fuselage. Once off the van, I studied the payload end of the rocket knowing that after the recent ADEOS failure the hopes and dreams (not to mention funding) of ocean color scientists around the world depended upon the successful launch of the small, fragile satellite stowed safely for now behind the metal fairing of the nose cone. I thought back to the first sensor (originally named "C-WiFS" for Compact WiFS) concept discussions I attended with Hughes engineers more than 10 years ago, but less than 100 miles away in Santa Barbara, California. Ironic that the launch will finally take place so close to where SeaWiFS was conceived, designed and built. Good karma, I hoped.
I waited for a final
countdown to launch and
was startled to see the
Pegasus drop suddenly
and unannounced ...
Our small NASA group consisting of several engineers and me (the so-called "Science Officer" for the launch) looked around the plane, took some pictures and spoke briefly with the OSC rocket people. Everything looked good. The countdown was to begin at 8 a.m. with launch scheduled for 1:20 p.m. OSC was in charge of the launch, so there was not much for us to do on the tarmac. Two of the NASA engineers and I headed off to one of the NASA facilities on the base to monitor the countdown, and we hoped, the launch. |
If all went well, the L-1011 and a NASA F-16 chase plane were to take off at noon. They would fly north along the coast approximately 100 km offshore through the launch box - a shaped area on a chart from which the launch was authorized. On the northerly pass through the box the plane would measure and record wind velocity and other weather conditions. If conditions were within specs, the actual Pegasus launch would occur on the southerly pass back through the box. I recalled from our earlier visit to the plane that there was not much clearance between Pegasus and the runway. I hoped the L-1011 would not have to land with an unfired rocket still suspended from the fuselage.
My console at the NASA launch monitoring facility had both data and video monitors. Once the countdown began, I listened to status reports and information from all of the various stations preparing for the launch. I also had plenty of time to study the briefing material, including the launch manifest. Amazing. After more than a decade of planning and waiting, and if all went well, SeaStar would be in its 310-km parking orbit within six minutes from launch. The engineers spent most of their time focused on the data monitors showing the status and condition of the rocket, satellite and sensor. At first, I tried to live up to my perceived image of a launch Science Officer (S.O.) by watching, and pretending to understand, the data monitors. I eventually gave up this act and just watched the live video coming now from cameras on the tarmac. The countdown was going very smoothly, and the planes took off right on time. I switched the video feed to the camera on the F-16 chase plane, which was flying just off the wing and slightly below the L-1011. I tuned the audio to launch control. The L-1011 pilot periodically radioed back his waypoints and by checking a chart showing the flight pattern, I could follow the plane's progress. On the first pass through the launch box, the launch officer on the plane reported that winds and other conditions were fine ("nominal" in NASA language). I heard the pilot announce his turn and then watched the chase plane video, as the L-1011 turned sharply and headed south back towards the launch box. I was very nervous now.
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The pilot announced a waypoint indicating that the L-1011 was in the launch box almost exactly on schedule at 1:21 p.m. I waited for a final countdown to launch and was startled to see the Pegasus drop suddenly and unannounced (at least to me) from the plane. Pegasus fell for what seemed to be a very long time (actually only five seconds) until finally the main engine lit up. The rocket accelerated rc. Launch control continued to announce key events as the glow of the first stage, still visible on the chase plane video, faded in the distance: stage 1 burnout and the glow went away; stage 1/2 separation followed immediately by stage 2 ignition and a faint glow returned to the video screen. Pegasus was now about 200 km in altitude and moving at a speed of more than 7 km per second. Stage 3 ignition was scheduled for 338 seconds into the launch but was announced at 388 seconds. Did this delay indicate a possible problem? If so, I wondered how serious. Stage 3 burnout was also late at 455 seconds, and launch control then announced that SeaStar was successfully inserted into a 305 km circular parking orbit, somewhat lower than planned, but IN ORBIT!
The engineers and I congratulated each other, but then launch control announced (erroneously as it turned out later) that SeaStar's parking orbit was actually highly elliptical. That did not sound good. Was SeaStar in a good orbit or on its way to becoming a Star Wars target? Were the solar panels deployed? Was it responding to commands? We would have to wait until we heard from SeaWiFS Project Manager, Mary Cleave, who was monitoring the mission from OSC's operation center at Dulles Airport outside of Washington D.C.. Bob, one of the NASA engineers, called Mary's pager, and we waited nervously for her to return our call. She called back almost immediately with ambiguous news. The parking orbit was circular but low. The solar panels were deployed, but the tracking station in Antarctica had failed to pick up SeaStar's signal. An hour later, Mary called back to tell us that the Alaska station had picked up the SeaStar telemetry signal. That was the good news.
The bad news was that SeaStar was having trouble with attitude control and thus was not oriented properly to the sun. Furthermore, the satellite was losing battery power and was in "safe mode" to conserve power.
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This was clearly not the best situation, but Mary did not seem concerned (but then again, I told myself, she had flown twice on the Space Shuttle, so how worried could she ever get over a little rocket launch).
Oh, What the hell!
I straightened my tie, put
on my blazer with the
Seawifs lapel pin, walked
downstairs and jumped
in the pool.
The news from Dulles improved throughout the evening, and we went to dinner feeling cautiously optimistic. We returned to our motel to find the swimming pool full of fully-clothed OSC rocket people drinking beer and celebrating their successful launch. And why not? They had done a great job today. And better rocket people in the pool, than the payload in the drink. A ocket people recognized Bob (who as a NASA representative had been tough with OSC on certain technical issues), and the chase was on (Bob somehow escaped). I went up to my room and called the SeaWiFS Project Office at GSFC. They were very upbeat and were preparing to track SeaStar's telemetry signal during its first pass down the East Coast around 2 a.m.. I felt like celebrating, but also worried about all of the other key hurdles to jump before SeaWiFS could start collecting data. Orbit raising was tricky, the sensor may not turn on, the solar panels could fail..... Oh, what the hell! I straightened my tie, put on my blazer with the SeaWiFS lapel pin, walked downstairs and jumped in the pool.
This article appeared in the
November 1997 issue of the backscatter magazine, published by the
Alliance of Marine Remote Sensing.
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